CSS Relative And Fixed Units

CSS Relative And Fixed Units - EM, REM, %, PX

Units in CSS: first thing to remember is that a whitespace doesn't exist between digit/s and unit, for example, 10 px is incorrect, 5 em is incorrect; but 10x is correct and 5em is correct.

Relative units: em (relative to parent), rem (relative to root html), % (relative to browser font-size).
Fixed units: px
Other units of the world: In Eric A. Meyer's The Definite Guide, they are mentioned as, in, cm, mm, pt, and pc.

My favourites are em, rem, % and px; so let's talk about them. People choose different units for different reasons. I think these four units are good to start with.

Proving: em is relative to a parent (not to the root html, only; though root can be a parent). Check below example in your browser.


<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Untitled Document</title>
<style>
html {font-size: 6px;}
body {font-size: 2em;} /*2em=2*6px=12px*/
div {font-size: 2em;} /*2em=2*12px=24px*/
</style>
</head>
<body> <!--child of html=2*6px=12px-->
<div>
line 1 <!--child of body=2*12px=24px-->
<div> <!--child of div=2*24px=48px-->
line 2
<div><!--child of div=2*48px=96px-->
line 3
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Proving: rem is relative to the root html (not to the parent). Check the below, yes in your browser.


<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Untitled Document</title>
<style>
html {font-size: 6px;}
body {font-size: 2rem;} /*2rem=2*6px=12px*/
div {font-size: 12rem;} /*12rem=12*6px=72px*/
</style>
</head>
<body> <!--child of html=2*6px=12px-->
line 0
<div> <!--12rem=12*6px=72px-->
line 1
<div> <!--12rem=12*6px=72px-->
line 2
<div> <!--12rem=12*6px=72px-->
line 3
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Percentage

% is relative to browser's font-size, if browser's font-size is 16px, then 100% is equal to 16px. Different browsers have different font-size, and along with them your 100% will vary.

Pixel

px is fixed unit, like % it's not set by browser's font-size, it's what you set.

Below example is for % and px, there is nothing like parent-child with them.
<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Untitled Document</title> <style> .fifty {font-size: 100%;} .hundred {font-size: 200%;} /* px */ .sixteen {font-size: 16px;} .thirty-two {font-size: 32px;} </style> </head> <body>  <div class="fifty"> fifty <div class="hundred"> hundred </div> </div> <span class="hundred"> hundred again </span>  <div class="sixteen"> sixteen <div class="thirty-two"> thirty-two </div> </div>
<span class="thirty-two"> thirty-two again </span></body> </html>

Final words

Generally I've seen people using mix of em, rem, % and px -- where one of them doesn't work well, other works.

Comments

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